Fałszywi przyjaciele
Słowa podobne, ale o różnym znaczeniu. Większość to prawdziwi krewni, których znaczenia się rozeszły; nieliczne to przypadek.
Fałszywych przyjaciół: 54
- uroda
“beauty, good looks”
- rosyjskiуро́дurod
“freak, ugly person”
Both are built on *rod- 'birth': Polish uroda is what you were born with, hence 'looks, beauty', while Russian уро́д is someone born wrong. Ukrainian вро́да 'beauty' sides with Polish.
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'beauty' is красота́; Polish 'freak, ugly person' is dziwoląg, potwór or poczwara.
spokrewnionepewne
- czerstwy
“stale (of bread); hale, ruddy (of a person)”
- rosyjskiчёрствыйčërstvyj
“stale (of bread); callous”
- czeskičerstvý
“fresh”
From Proto-Slavic *čьrstvъ 'firm, hard'. Bread that is firm has gone stale in Russian and Polish, but in Czech 'firm, sound' became 'fresh'; Polish keeps the sound sense for people (czerstwy staruszek 'a hale old man').
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'fresh' is све́жий and Polish 'fresh' is świeży; Czech stale bread is okoralý or tvrdý chléb.
spokrewnionepewne
- miasto
“town, city”
- rosyjskiме́стоmesto
“place, spot; seat”
- ukraińskiмі́стоmisto
“town, city”
- czeskiměsto
“town, city”
All from Proto-Slavic *město 'place'. Ukrainian, Polish and Czech narrowed 'the place' to 'the town' and made a new word for 'place' (мі́сце, miejsce, místo); Russian and BCS kept the old meaning.
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'town' is го́род; 'place' is Ukrainian мі́сце, Polish miejsce, Czech místo. BCS mjesto means 'place', as in Russian.
spokrewnionepewne
- listopad
“November”
- rosyjskiлистопа́дlistopad
“leaf fall (the season), not a month”
- ukraińskiлистопа́дlystopad
“November”
- czeskilistopad
“November”
- bośniacko-chorwacko-serbskilistopadлистопад
“October (Croatian standard; the Bosnian, Montenegrin and Serbian standards use oktobar)”
A transparent compound 'leaf-fall'. Each calendar pinned it to the month when leaves fall where it was fixed: November in Ukrainian, Polish and Czech, October in Croatian. Russian uses Latin month names, so for it листопа́д is only the season.
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'November' is ноя́брь; Croatian 'November' is studeni, and Bosnian, Montenegrin and Serbian say novembar. 'October' is Ukrainian жо́втень, Polish październik, Czech říjen.
spokrewnionepewne
- pozór
“appearance, semblance (pozory 'appearances')”
- rosyjskiпозо́рpozor
“disgrace, shame”
- czeskipozor
“attention; 'Look out!'”
From *pozorъ 'a look, a sight', related to *zьrěti 'to look'. Czech kept 'watching' (Dej pozor! 'Pay attention!'), Polish 'how things look', and Russian went from 'a spectacle' to 'a shameful spectacle'.
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'Look out!' is Осторо́жно! or Внима́ние!; Czech 'disgrace' is hanba or ostuda, Polish hańba.
spokrewnionepewne
- zapomnieć
“to forget”
- rosyjskiзапо́мнитьzapomnitʹ
“to memorize, commit to memory”
- czeskizapomenout
“to forget”
The same prefix za- plus the root of 'memory' (*mьn-, as in по́мнить, pamięć). In Russian za- fixes a thing in mind; in Polish and Czech it sends it out of mind.
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'forget' is забы́ть; Polish 'memorize' is zapamiętać, Czech zapamatovat si.
spokrewnionepewne
- rosyjskiвоня́тьvonjatʹ
“to stink”
- ukraińskiвоня́тиvonjaty
“to stink”
- czeskivonět
“to smell nice, be fragrant”
From Proto-Slavic *vonja 'smell', a neutral word. East Slavic took the bad side (Russian вонь 'stench'), Czech the good one (vůně 'fragrance'); Polish woń 'scent' can still go either way.
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'smell nice' is хорошо́ па́хнуть, Ukrainian па́хнути; Czech 'stink' is smrdět.
spokrewnionepewne
- rosyjski
- pachnieć
“to smell nice”
- rosyjskiпа́хнутьpaxnutʹ
“to smell (of something), neutral”
- czeskipáchnout
“to stink”
One verb of smelling, three directions: neutral in Russian, pleasant in Polish (zapach 'scent'), unpleasant in Czech (zápach 'stench'). Czech and Russian thus cross over with vonět and воня́ть.
Zamiast tego mów: Czech 'smell nice' is vonět; Polish 'stink' is śmierdzieć; Russian makes it explicit: хорошо́ па́хнуть, пло́хо па́хнуть.
spokrewnionepewne
- dywan
“carpet, rug”
- rosyjskiдива́нdivan
“sofa, couch”
Both come from Persian dīvān, via Turkish, where the word covered a council, the cushioned bench it sat on and the carpets around it. Polish kept the carpet, Russian the seat.
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'carpet' is ковёр; Polish 'sofa' is kanapa or sofa.
spokrewnionepewne
- niedziela
“Sunday”
- rosyjskiнеде́ляnedelja
“week”
- ukraińskiнеді́ляnedilja
“Sunday”
- czeskineděle
“Sunday”
- bośniacko-chorwacko-serbskinedjeljaнедјеља
“Sunday (in Serbian usage, ekavian nedelja, also 'week')”
From *nedělja 'the day of not working' (ne + dělati). Everyone kept it as 'Sunday' except Russian, which moved it to the week that ends with it and named Sunday after the Resurrection.
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'Sunday' is воскресе́нье. 'Week' is Ukrainian ти́ждень, Polish tydzień, Czech týden; in BCS tjedan (Croatian), sedmica (Bosnian, Serbian), and Serbian nedelja also serves.
spokrewnionepewne
- jagoda
“berry; in everyday speech often the bilberry (blueberry)”
- rosyjskiя́годаjagoda
“berry”
- czeskijahoda
“strawberry”
- bośniacko-chorwacko-serbskijagodaјагода
“strawberry”
From Proto-Slavic *(j)agoda 'berry'. Czech and BCS narrowed it to the best-loved berry, the strawberry, and Polish often to the bilberry; Russian kept the general sense.
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'strawberry' is клубни́ка (garden) or земляни́ка (wild); Polish 'strawberry' is truskawka; Czech 'berry' is bobule, BCS bobica.
spokrewnionepewne
- owoc
“fruit”
- rosyjskiо́вощovošč
“vegetable (usually plural о́вощи)”
- ukraińskiо́вочovoč
“vegetable (usually plural о́вочі)”
- czeskiovoce
“fruit (collective)”
- bośniacko-chorwacko-serbskivoćeвоће
“fruit (collective)”
From one Proto-Slavic word for 'fruit, produce'. Russian о́вощ (with Church Slavonic щ) and Ukrainian о́воч once meant any garden produce and narrowed to vegetables once фру́кты arrived; the west and south kept 'fruit'.
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'fruit' is фру́кты, Ukrainian фру́кти; 'vegetables' are Polish warzywa, Czech zelenina, BCS povrće.
spokrewnionepewne
- chytry
“sly; (colloquially) stingy, greedy”
- rosyjskiхи́трыйxitryj
“cunning, sly”
- czeskichytrý
“clever, smart”
- bośniacko-chorwacko-serbskihitarхитар
“quick, swift, nimble”
From Proto-Slavic *xytrъ, related to *xytiti 'to seize': someone quick to grab. The quickness stayed in BCS, became cleverness in Czech and slyness in Russian and Polish.
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'clever' is у́мный, 'quick' бы́стрый; Czech 'cunning' is prohnaný or lstivý; Polish 'clever' is mądry or bystry; BCS 'cunning' is lukav.
spokrewnionepewne
- pukać
“to knock (on a door)”
- rosyjskiпу́катьpukatʹ
“to break wind (colloquial)”
- czeskipukat
“to crack, burst (pukat smíchy 'to burst with laughter')”
All three are built on the imitative syllable puk-, a short popping noise; each language attached it to a different sound.
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'knock' is стуча́ть; Polish 'burst' is pękać; Czech 'knock' is klepat.
spokrewnioneprawdopodobne
- czas
“time”
- rosyjskiчасčas
“hour”
- ukraińskiчасčas
“time”
- czeskičas
“time”
- bośniacko-chorwacko-serbskičasчас
“moment, instant (in Bosnian and Serbian also a school lesson)”
From Proto-Slavic *časъ 'time, period'. Russian narrowed it to the hour, BCS to a short moment; Ukrainian, Polish and Czech kept 'time'.
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'time' is вре́мя; 'hour' is Ukrainian годи́на, Polish godzina, Czech hodina, BCS sat.
spokrewnionepewne
- godzina
“hour”
- rosyjskiгоди́наgodina
“a (fateful) time, hour of trial (bookish)”
- ukraińskiгоди́наhodyna
“hour”
- czeskihodina
“hour”
- bośniacko-chorwacko-serbskigodinaгодина
“year”
A derivative of *godъ 'the right time' (Russian год 'year'). The 'appointed time' settled on the hour in Ukrainian, Polish and Czech, and on the year in BCS; in Russian it survives only in solemn style (в го́дину испыта́ний).
Zamiast tego mów: BCS 'hour' is sat; 'year' is Ukrainian рік, Polish and Czech rok, Russian год.
spokrewnionepewne
- kwiecień
“April”
- ukraińskiкві́теньkvitenʹ
“April”
- czeskikvěten
“May”
All are 'the flowering month', from *květъ 'flower'. Spring flowers were dated to April in the Ukrainian and Polish calendars and to May in the Czech one.
Zamiast tego mów: Czech 'April' is duben; 'May' is Ukrainian тра́вень, Polish maj.
spokrewnionepewne
- sierpień
“August”
- ukraińskiсе́рпеньserpenʹ
“August”
- czeskisrpen
“August”
- bośniacko-chorwacko-serbskisrpanjсрпањ
“July (Croatian standard; the Bosnian, Montenegrin and Serbian standards use jul)”
'The sickle month', from *sьrpъ 'sickle': the harvest month fell in August in the Ukrainian, Polish and Czech calendars and in July in the Croatian one.
Zamiast tego mów: Croatian 'August' is kolovoz (Bosnian, Montenegrin and Serbian avgust or august); 'July' is Ukrainian ли́пень, Polish lipiec, Czech červenec.
spokrewnionepewne
- lipiec
“July”
- ukraińskiли́пеньlypenʹ
“July”
- bośniacko-chorwacko-serbskilipanjлипањ
“June (Croatian standard; the Bosnian, Montenegrin and Serbian standards use jun)”
'The linden month', from *lipa 'linden', named for when the lindens bloom: July in the Ukrainian and Polish calendars, June in the Croatian one.
Zamiast tego mów: Croatian 'July' is srpanj (Bosnian, Montenegrin and Serbian jul); 'June' is Ukrainian че́рвень, Polish czerwiec.
spokrewnionepewne
- żywot
“life (bookish: lives of saints, a lifetime)”
- rosyjskiживо́тživot
“belly, stomach”
- czeskiživot
“life”
- bośniacko-chorwacko-serbskiživotживот
“life”
From *životъ 'life'. Old Russian also meant 'life' (не щадя́ живота́ 'sparing no life' survives), then the word moved to the seat of life, the belly; Ukrainian живі́т 'belly' agrees with Russian.
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'life' is жизнь; 'belly' is Polish brzuch, Czech břicho, BCS trbuh or stomak.
spokrewnionepewne
- rodzina
“family”
- rosyjskiро́динаrodina
“homeland, motherland”
- ukraińskiроди́наrodyna
“family”
- czeskirodina
“family”
A derivative of *rodъ 'kin, birth'. Ukrainian, Polish and Czech kept 'one's kin', while Russian widened it to the land of one's birth. Note the different stress in Russian and Ukrainian.
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'family' is семья́; 'homeland' is Ukrainian батьківщи́на, Polish ojczyzna, Czech vlast.
spokrewnionepewne
- drużyna
“team (sports); troop, squad”
- rosyjskiдружи́наdružina
“(historical) a prince's retinue; a volunteer squad”
- ukraińskiдружи́наdružyna
“wife; (historical) a prince's retinue”
From *drugъ 'companion': a body of companions. Polish made it a team, Russian kept the war band, and Ukrainian added the closest companion of all, the wife (дружи́на next to чолові́к 'husband').
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'wife' is жена́; Ukrainian and Russian 'team' is кома́нда; Polish 'wife' is żona.
spokrewnionepewne
- rosyjskiчелове́кčelovek
“person, human being”
- ukraińskiчолові́кčolovik
“man (male); husband”
One Proto-Slavic word, *čelověkъ. Russian kept it for any human (like Polish człowiek, Czech člověk), while Ukrainian narrowed it to a man and a husband.
Zamiast tego mów: Ukrainian 'person' is люди́на; Russian 'husband' is муж, 'man' мужчи́на.
spokrewnionepewne
- rosyjski
- rosyjskiстоли́цаstolica
“capital city”
- bośniacko-chorwacko-serbskistolicaстолица
“chair”
A derivative of *stolъ 'seat, throne'. Russian (like Ukrainian and Polish) went from the ruler's seat to the city that holds it; BCS kept an ordinary seat.
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'chair' is стул; BCS 'capital' is glavni grad (Croatian also prijestolnica, Serbian prestonica).
spokrewnionepewne
- rosyjski
- sklep
“shop, store”
- rosyjskiсклепsklep
“burial vault, crypt”
- czeskisklep
“cellar”
Originally 'a vaulted room' (compare Czech sklepení 'vault'). Czech kept the cellar, Polish turned the vaulted shop-cellar into any shop, and Russian, which borrowed the word from Polish, uses it for a burial vault.
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'shop' is магази́н; Polish 'crypt' is krypta or grobowiec; Czech 'shop' is obchod, 'crypt' hrobka.
spokrewnionepewne
- dworzec
“(railway or bus) station”
- rosyjskiдворе́цdvorec
“palace”
Both are 'little court', from *dvorьcь (*dvorъ 'court, yard'). Russian grew it into a palace; Polish dworzec, once a small manor, came to mean the station building.
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'station' is вокза́л; Polish 'palace' is pałac.
spokrewnionepewne
- ogród
“garden (with flowers, trees)”
- rosyjskiогоро́дogorod
“vegetable garden, kitchen plot”
- czeskiohrada
“fence, enclosure, pen”
- bośniacko-chorwacko-serbskiogradaограда
“fence”
From *ogordъ, *ogorda 'enclosure' (o- plus the root of го́род, grad): the fence itself in Czech and BCS, the fenced plot in Russian and Polish.
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'garden' is сад; Polish 'vegetable plot' is ogródek warzywny; Czech 'garden' is zahrada; BCS 'garden' is vrt.
spokrewnionepewne
- stan
“state, condition; (federal) state”
- rosyjskiстанstan
“figure, build (of a body); camp”
- czeskistan
“tent”
- bośniacko-chorwacko-serbskistanстан
“flat, apartment”
From *stanъ, a derivative of *stati 'to stand': where one stands or stops. Czech made it a tent, BCS a dwelling, Polish a state of affairs, Russian a stance and a camp.
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'flat' is кварти́ра, 'tent' пала́тка, 'condition' состоя́ние; Polish 'tent' is namiot; Czech 'flat' is byt; BCS 'tent' is šator.
spokrewnionepewne
- rosyjskiми́лоmilo
“nicely, sweetly; 'How nice!'”
- ukraińskiми́лоmylo
“soap”
Pure chance from a sound change: Ukrainian merged Proto-Slavic *y and *i as и, so *mydlo 'soap' (Russian мы́ло) came out ми́ло, identical to the adverb from *milъ 'dear', which Ukrainian also has.
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'soap' is мы́ло.
przypadkowe podobieństwopewne
- rosyjski
- list
“letter (mail)”
- rosyjskiлистlist
“leaf; sheet (of paper)”
- ukraińskiлистlyst
“letter (mail); also sheet”
From *listъ 'leaf'. A sheet of paper is a leaf in every language here; Ukrainian and Polish went one step further, to the letter written on it.
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'letter' is письмо́; Ukrainian 'leaf' is листо́к, Polish liść.
spokrewnionepewne
- zachód
“west; sunset”
- ukraińskiза́хідzaxid
“west; sunset; also measure, event”
- czeskizáchod
“toilet”
From *zaxodъ 'going behind, going away'. For the sun that is setting, hence 'west'; in Czech it became the place one discreetly goes off to.
Zamiast tego mów: Czech 'west' is západ; Polish 'toilet' is toaleta or ubikacja, Ukrainian туале́т.
spokrewnionepewne
- piwnica
“cellar, basement”
- czeskipivnice
“pub, beer hall”
Both are derived from pivo/piwo 'beer': Polish from the place beer was stored, Czech from the place it is drunk. (BCS pivnica is also a cellar.)
Zamiast tego mów: Polish 'pub' is piwiarnia or pub; Czech 'cellar' is sklep.
spokrewnioneprawdopodobne
- dynia
“pumpkin”
- rosyjskiды́няdynja
“melon”
- ukraińskiди́няdynja
“melon”
- czeskidýně
“pumpkin”
- bośniacko-chorwacko-serbskidinjaдиња
“melon”
From Proto-Slavic *dynja, a name for large gourds. When melons and pumpkins became separate crops, Polish and Czech gave the word to the pumpkin, the others to the melon.
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'pumpkin' is ты́ква, Ukrainian гарбу́з, BCS bundeva (Serbian also tikva); 'melon' is Polish melon, Czech meloun.
spokrewnionepewne
- groch
“peas”
- rosyjskiгоро́хgorox
“peas”
- czeskihrách
“peas”
- bośniacko-chorwacko-serbskigrahграх
“beans (Croatian, Bosnian; Serbian says pasulj)”
From *gorxъ 'pea'. In Croatian and Bosnian the old pulse name now means beans, and peas are called by the diminutive grašak.
Zamiast tego mów: BCS 'peas' is grašak; 'beans' is Russian фасо́ль, Polish fasola, Czech fazole.
spokrewnionepewne
- rosyjskiкра́сныйkrasnyj
“red”
- czeskikrásný
“beautiful”
From *krasьnъ 'beautiful'. Russian кра́сный meant 'beautiful' too (Кра́сная пло́щадь was the 'beautiful square'), then came to mean the finest colour, red.
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'beautiful' is краси́вый; Czech 'red' is červený.
spokrewnionepewne
- rosyjski
- rosyjskiужа́сныйužasnyj
“terrible, horrible”
- czeskiúžasný
“amazing, wonderful”
- bośniacko-chorwacko-serbskiužasanужасан
“terrible, horrible”
From *užasъ, a sudden shock of either fear or wonder. Russian and BCS kept the fear, Czech the wonder (úžas 'amazement').
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'amazing' is потряса́ющий or удиви́тельный, BCS divan or nevjerojatan; Czech 'terrible' is hrozný or strašný.
spokrewnionepewne
- rosyjski
- chudy
“thin, skinny”
- rosyjskiхудо́йxudoj
“thin, skinny; (colloquially) bad”
- czeskichudý
“poor (not rich)”
From *xudъ 'small, meagre'. Meagre in body in Russian and Polish, meagre in means in Czech; Russian adds 'poor in quality, bad' (ху́до 'badly').
Zamiast tego mów: Czech 'thin' is hubený; Russian 'poor' is бе́дный, Polish biedny.
spokrewnionepewne
- trudny
“difficult, hard”
- rosyjskiтру́дныйtrudnyj
“difficult, hard”
- bośniacko-chorwacko-serbskitrudnaтрудна
“pregnant (feminine adjective)”
From *trudъ 'toil, effort'. BCS trudna (trudnoća 'pregnancy') describes a woman carrying a burden; Russian and Polish kept the general 'laborious'.
Zamiast tego mów: BCS 'difficult' is težak; Russian 'pregnant' is бере́менная, Polish w ciąży or ciężarna.
spokrewnionepewne
- nagły
“sudden”
- rosyjskiна́глыйnaglyj
“impudent, insolent”
- czeskináhlý
“sudden”
- bośniacko-chorwacko-serbskinagaoнагао
“sudden, abrupt; hot-tempered”
From *naglъ 'sudden, hasty'. Russian moved from 'rash, headlong' to 'brazen'; the others kept the suddenness.
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'sudden' is внеза́пный; 'impudent' is Polish bezczelny, Czech drzý, BCS drzak or bezobrazan.
spokrewnionepewne
- pytać
“to ask”
- rosyjskiпыта́тьpytatʹ
“to torture; (colloquially) to question insistently”
- ukraińskiпита́тиpytaty
“to ask”
- bośniacko-chorwacko-serbskipitatiпитати
“to ask”
From *pytati 'to ask, to test'. Russian kept 'to test' in пыта́ться 'to try' and turned hard questioning into torture (пы́тка).
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'ask' is спра́шивать; 'torture' is Ukrainian катува́ти, Polish torturować, BCS mučiti.
spokrewnionepewne
- zakaz
“ban, prohibition”
- rosyjskiзака́зzakaz
“order (for goods), commission”
- czeskizákaz
“ban, prohibition”
From za- plus *kazati 'to show, to tell'. Telling someone to do something became an order for goods in Russian; telling them not to became a ban in Polish and Czech.
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'ban' is запре́т; 'order' is Polish zamówienie, Czech objednávka.
spokrewnionepewne
- zawód
“profession, trade; disappointment”
- rosyjskiзаво́дzavod
“factory, plant”
- czeskizávod
“race, contest; also works, plant”
- bośniacko-chorwacko-serbskizavodзавод
“institute, institution”
All are za- plus *vod- 'lead'. Something set going became a factory or an institution; Czech závod is a running contest; Polish zawód went from 'leading astray' to 'disappointment' and also names a trade.
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'profession' is профе́ссия, 'race' го́нка; Polish 'factory' is fabryka; BCS 'factory' is tvornica (Croatian) or fabrika.
spokrewnionepewne
- czuć
“to feel; to smell”
- rosyjskiчу́ятьčujatʹ
“to scent, sense (as an animal does)”
- ukraińskiчу́тиčuty
“to hear; also to sense”
- bośniacko-chorwacko-serbskičutiчути
“to hear”
From *čuti 'to perceive'. Each language settled on a different sense: hearing in Ukrainian and BCS, feeling and smell in Polish, an animal's keen nose in Russian.
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'hear' is слы́шать; Polish 'hear' is słyszeć; BCS 'feel' is osjećati.
spokrewnionepewne
- lubić
“to like”
- rosyjskiлюби́тьljubitʹ
“to love”
- czeskilíbit se
“to please, be liked (Líbí se mi 'I like it')”
- bośniacko-chorwacko-serbskiljubitiљубити
“to kiss (bookish: to love)”
From *ljubiti 'to hold dear'. The strength drifted: love in Russian, liking in Polish and Czech, and in BCS the kiss that shows it.
Zamiast tego mów: Polish 'love' is kochać, Czech milovat, BCS voljeti; Russian 'kiss' is целова́ть.
spokrewnionepewne
- rosyjskiсло́воslovo
“word”
- czeskislovo
“word”
- bośniacko-chorwacko-serbskislovoслово
“letter (of the alphabet)”
From *slovo 'word'. Russian and Czech kept it; in BCS slovo now means a letter of the alphabet, with 'word' only in older and fixed uses (fittingly, slovo was also the old name of the letter S).
Zamiast tego mów: BCS 'word' is riječ; Russian 'letter' is бу́ква, Czech písmeno.
spokrewnionepewne
- rosyjski
- rzecz
“thing, matter”
- rosyjskiречьrečʹ
“speech”
- ukraińskiрічrič
“thing (bookish: speech)”
- czeskiřeč
“speech; language”
- bośniacko-chorwacko-serbskiriječријеч
“word”
From *rěčь 'speech'. Russian and Czech kept it; Polish and Ukrainian went from 'what is spoken about' to 'the matter, the thing'; BCS narrowed it to a single word.
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'thing' is вещь, Czech věc; Polish 'speech' is mowa or przemówienie; BCS 'speech' is govor.
spokrewnionepewne
- jutro
“tomorrow”
- rosyjskiу́троutro
“morning”
- bośniacko-chorwacko-serbskijutroјутро
“morning”
From *jutro 'morning'. Polish moved it to the next morning, tomorrow; Russian за́втра and BCS sutra are themselves 'by the morning' (*za utra, *sъ utra).
Zamiast tego mów: Polish 'morning' is rano or ranek; Russian 'tomorrow' is за́втра; BCS 'tomorrow' is sutra.
spokrewnionepewne
- łaska
“grace, favour, mercy”
- rosyjskiла́скаlaska
“affection, caress; also weasel”
- czeskiláska
“love”
From *laska 'caress, flattery'. Czech raised it to love, Polish to grace (z łaski 'as a favour'); Ukrainian ла́ска gives the polite будь ла́ска 'please'.
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'love' is любо́вь, Polish miłość; Czech 'caress' is pohlazení, 'grace, favour' milost.
spokrewnionepewne
- rosyjskiвластьvlastʹ
“power, authority”
- czeskivlast
“homeland”
- bośniacko-chorwacko-serbskivlastвласт
“power, authority”
From *volstь 'rule; the domain ruled', related to *volděti 'to rule'. Russian and BCS kept the rule; Czech kept the domain and made it the homeland.
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'homeland' is ро́дина; Czech 'power, authority' is moc or vláda.
spokrewnionepewne
- rosyjski
- rosyjskiпито́мецpitomec
“pupil, foster child; pet”
- czeskipitomec
“idiot, fool”
Both go back to *pitomъ 'fed, tame', from *pitati 'to feed'. Russian kept the one who is reared; Czech pitomý went from 'tame' to 'dull, stupid'.
Zamiast tego mów: Czech 'pupil' is žák or svěřenec, 'pet' domácí mazlíček; Russian 'idiot' is дура́к or иди́от.
spokrewnionepewne
- rosyjski
- wróg
“enemy”
- rosyjskiврагvrag
“enemy”
- czeskivrah
“murderer”
- bośniacko-chorwacko-serbskivragвраг
“devil (colloquial)”
From *vorgъ 'enemy'. Russian враг is the Church Slavonic shape (the native во́рог is folk-poetic); Czech narrowed it to the worst enemy, a killer, and BCS to the Enemy, the devil.
Zamiast tego mów: Czech 'enemy' is nepřítel, BCS neprijatelj; Russian 'murderer' is уби́йца, Polish morderca; Russian 'devil' is чёрт.
spokrewnionepewne
- puszka
“tin can; box”
- rosyjskiпу́шкаpuška
“cannon”
- czeskipuška
“rifle”
- bośniacko-chorwacko-serbskipuškaпушка
“rifle”
A loan of Old High German buhsa 'box' (from Latin buxis): Polish kept the box; a gun barrel was a 'box' for powder, giving the Czech and BCS rifle and the Russian cannon.
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'rifle' is ружьё or винто́вка; Polish 'rifle' is karabin; Czech 'tin can' is plechovka; BCS 'cannon' is top.
spokrewnionepewne
- brak
“lack, shortage”
- rosyjskiбракbrak
“marriage; also defective goods, rejects”
- bośniacko-chorwacko-serbskibrakбрак
“marriage”
Two unrelated words that met. 'Marriage' is Slavic *brakъ, from *bьrati 'to take' (Russian, BCS); Polish brak 'lack' and Russian брак 'rejects' come from German Brack 'refuse, culls'.
Zamiast tego mów: Polish 'marriage' is małżeństwo; BCS 'lack' is nedostatak; Russian 'lack' is нехва́тка or недоста́ток.
przypadkowe podobieństwoprawdopodobne
- rok
“year”
- rosyjskiрокrok
“fate, doom”
- czeskirok
“year”
- bośniacko-chorwacko-serbskirokрок
“deadline, term, time limit”
From *rokъ 'an appointed time', from *rekti 'to say': the time that has been declared. BCS keeps the appointed term, Polish and Czech the yearly cycle (Ukrainian рік too), Russian the fate that is decreed.
Zamiast tego mów: Russian 'year' is год; Polish and Czech 'deadline' is termín/termin; BCS 'year' is godina.
spokrewnionepewne